A financial analyst at a railroad is convinced that buying a bakery would raise the value of the firm. Even though the proposed acquisition would be financed by debt, the analyst has discounted the expected cash flows from the bakery at the weighted-average cost of capital; she found that the present value of earnings from selling bread exceeds the cost of the acquisition. Based on this analysis, would you recommend that the railroad proceed with the deal?

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Question restatement: A railroad firm considers acquiring a bakery, financed entirely with debt. The analyst discounted the bakery's expected cash flows at the firm’s weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) and found that the present value of earnings from the bakery exceeds the acquisition cost. The question asks whether the railroad should proceed with the deal.

Option 1: No
- The main flaw lies in the use of the firm’s WACC to discount a project that would be financed with debt. WACC is the overall cost of capital for the whole firm given its current capital structure. When evaluating a specific project, especially one that alters or is highly sensitive to leverage, using the firm-wide WACC can misstate the project’s true cost of capital.
- If the bakery will be financed entirely with debt, a correct approach typically involves either a project-specific cost of capital that reflects new leverage (or an adjusted present value method, APV), which adds the value of the tax shield from debt separately. Relying on WACC alone can overstate or understate the true NPV depending on how debt risk and tax shields are captured.
- Additionally, the analysis should focus on incremental cash flows attributable to the bakery project, including any costs of integration, operating synergies, or dis-synergies, and it should assess risk in light of leverage. Without this, even a favorable PV vs. cost result may be unreliable.

Option 2: Yes
- Saying “Yes” would be incorrect because the justification rests on an analysis that discounts cash flows with an inappropriate discount rate (the firm’s WACC for a debt-financed project). If the discount rate does not properly reflect the project’s risk and capital structure, the resulting NPV cannot be trusted.
- Even if the PV of bakery earnings appears to exceed the cost, that conclusion could be driven by the misapplication of WACC, by ignoring the tax benefits or costs of debt appropriately, or by failing to adjust for the potential risks and integration costs of the acquisition.
- In short, a positive comparison between PV and cost under an improper discounting approach does not by itself justify proceeding; the correct evaluation should use a levered cost of capital appropriate to the project (or an APV framework) to determine the true NPV.

Key takeaway: The central issue is the appropriateness of the discount rate. Since the project is debt-financed, relying on the firm’s WACC to value the bakery cash flows is not a reliable basis for a decision. The reasoning should be reworked using a project-specific cost of capital or APV to determine whether the NPV is truly positive after properly accounting for debt and tax effects, risks, and integration costs.

IFEPIA7022_001_2025_3 - Economics of Finance EOF Final - Dec 16, 2025

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