In northern Crete, mixed deposits of volcanic ash, cultural material, and marine fossils near the beach are very similar to those found in coastal regions after:

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

First, let's restate the scenario to establish what we're evaluating: in northern Crete, mixed deposits of volcanic ash, cultural material, and marine fossils near the beach resemble deposits seen in coastal regions after a major event. 
Option 1: 'the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami' — This answer is plausible because the 2004 tsunami was a massive, transoceanic event known to disrupt coastlines far from its origin, resulting in widespread deposition of tsunami-derived materials, including marine fossils and exotic debris, across many coastal regions. The combination of volcanic ash and cultural material could be consistent with tsunami run-up bringing in varied sediments and objects from different locales. 
Option 2: 'the 1946 tsunami that hit Hawaii' — While Hawaii experienced a tsunami, its effects were more localized to the Pacific islands and did not produce widespread mixed deposits across distant coastlines in the same way as a basin-wide event like the 2004 tragedy. The scale and directionality of deposits in northern Crete would be less characteristic of the 1946 event, making this option less consistent. 
Option 3: 'the great Alaskan earthquake in 1964' — The Alaska earthquake produced substantial ground shaking and tsunamis, but the classic deposit signature near Crete would more likely reflect rise and fall associated with a direct marine inundation from a large Pacific-origin tsunami or similar event, rather than the specific Aleutian-area tsunami deposits. The isotopic and sedimentary signature would differ in context from a distant Pacific source depositing marine fossils and ash along Mediterranean coasts. 
Option 4: 'the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California' — This event caused strong shaking and a local tsunami was not a defining feature, and its sedimentary record would be expected to show more earthquake-tectonic deformation signatures rather than widespread transcoastal tsunami deposits containing marine fossils and volcanic ash across the Mediterranean. This makes the Loma Prieta option the least consistent with the described mixed coastal deposits. 
In summary, the distinctive combination of widespread coastal disturbance and cross-regional material transfer aligns best with a major, transoceanic tsunami event, making the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami the most compatible example among the choices. The other events are associated with different mechanisms or deposit signatures that do not match the described coastal assemblage.

GEO 1030-090 Spring 2025 Submit Module 2 Homework

In northern Crete, mixed deposits of volcanic ash, cultural material, and marine fossils near the beach are very similar to those found in coastal regions after:

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