Thermal radiation is defined as

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Question: Thermal radiation is defined as

Since there are no answer options provided, I will focus on the core concept and what the correct idea entails, then note the missing options.

Thermal radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body due to its temperature. A key principle is that the total power radiated (per unit area) by a body in thermal equilibrium is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that it depends primarily on the object's absolute temperature, raised to the fourth power. In other words, the intensity of thermal radiation increases with temperature, and at a given temperature, the distribution of emitted wavelengths is governed by Planck's law, but the overall emission is determined by temperature, not by the material's color or composition alone.

A precise way to articulate the core idea is that thermal radiation is the emission of energy that can be characterized by the emitting object's temperature; the spectrum of that radiation is temperature-dependent, and the total emitted power scales with T^4. This distinguishes thermal radiation from other forms of radiation that might depend on composition, surface properties, or external stimulation.

If there were multiple choice options, the correct choice would typically express that the radiation depends on temperature and is a function of temperature (often independent of whether the object is a solid, liquid, or gas, insofar as equilibrium emission is concerned). Any option suggesting that emission is independent of temperature, or that it depends only on material properties, would be incorrect. Conversely, options that inappropriately tie radiation to non-thermodynamic factors (like only color, surface texture, or external drivers) would be misleading.

Because the provided data lacks the list of answer choices, I cannot compare each option or identify distractors. However, the essential definition to remember is: thermal radiation is radiation emitted due to temperature, with its characteristics determined by the emitting body's temperature according to Planck's law and the Stefan-Boltzmann relation.

COS SPR 25 class 2 Jan 30 Test1 (USE GOOGLE CHROME)

Thermal radiation is defined as

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