Bonus Question

During the soils lecture Terry showed a slide soil formed in an arid climate. One of the soil horizons was described as a "Bwk" horizon. What does the "w" and "k" refer to in the defined B soil horizon?

Choose the two correct answers.

Question

Bonus Question

During the soils lecture Terry showed a slide soil formed in an arid climate.  One of the soil horizons was described as a "Bwk" horizon.  What does the "w" and "k" refer to in the defined B soil horizon?

Choose the two correct answers.

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks you to identify the two correct statements related to a Bwk horizon described for an arid climate soils profile, focusing on what the letters 'w' and 'k' refer to in the B horizon.
Option 1: "accumulation of salt (NaCl)". In arid soils, salinity can occur, but the Bwk suffix specifically denotes carbonate-related processes and a weakly developed horizon, not salt accumulation. Therefore this statement is not correct in the context of the Bwk designation.
Option 2: "reddening due to accumulaton of Fe2O3 (iron oxide)". In many soils, iron oxides (Fe2O3) impart red or yellow colors, and redox processes in some horizons can contribute to color development. The presence of Fe oxide is a common feature in arid soils and can accompany horizon formation; while the 'k' in Bwk signals carbonate features, the 'w' (weak development) does not preclude redox-driven coloration. Thus this statement can be considered consistent with the idea that color changes (reddening) related to iron oxides can occur in conjunction with a Bwk horizon, making this a plausible correct choice.
Option 3: "accumulation of calcium carbonate". The 'k' in soil horizon notation is the standard abbreviations for carbonate accumulation. In an arid climate, carbonates often accumulate in the B horizon, giving a Bk or Bwk horizon. Therefore this statement is directly correct based on the meaning of 'k'.
Option 4: "accumulation of water". Accumulation of water is not a defining feature implied by the Bwk notation. Water status can influence redox and other processes, but the suffixes 'w' and 'k' specifically reference weak development and carbonate accumulation, not water accumulation itself. Hence this is not correct.
Option 5: "accumulation of kaolinite clay". Kaolinite or other clay illuviation is typically described by suffixes related to illuviation of clay (e.g., Bt, Bw) or other indicators; the Bwk designation emphasizes carbonate (k) rather than clay accumulation. Therefore this option does not align with the Bwk meaning and is incorrect.
In summary, the two statements that align with the Bwk horizon notation in an arid-climate soil are the ones describing calcium carbonate accumulation (k) and, in the broader context of arid soils, the potential for iron oxide–related reddening accompanying horizon development. The other options describe features not indicated by the Bwk suffix.

ESS 101 A Examination 2 (Friday December 5th 7:00 - 8:30 PM PST)

Bonus Question During the soils lecture Terry showed a slide soil formed in an arid climate. One of the soil horizons was described as a "Bwk" horizon. What does the "w" and "k" refer to in the defined B soil horizon? Choose the two correct answers.

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