Which option below is the most complete list of factors that contribute to the formation of soil:下面的哪个选项是导致土壤形成的因素的最完整列表：

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

We start by identifying the fundamental factors that influence soil formation.
Option a describes: Temperature, precipitation, parent material, time, relief. While these are relevant factors, temperature and precipitation are climate-related elements, and climate is typically represented as a single factor rather than listing them separately here. The inclusion of temperature and precipitation specifically makes this list not as complete as the standard framework.
Option b lists: Organisms, parent material, relief, time. This option includes important factors (organisms, parent material, relief, time) but omits climate and thus misses a major contributor to soil development, since climate heavily shapes weathering rates and soil forming processes.
Option c states: Water, wind, parent material, organisms, temperature. Water and wind are agents of weathering and transport, but this set does not explicitly include climate as a broader factor, and it treats weathering agents as separate from climate, which can lead to an incomplete accounting of factors. It also leaves out time, which governs the extent of soil formation.
Option d lists: Parent material, weather, organic matter, wind. This option includes parent material and some aspects of soil processes, but it substitutes weather/organic matter for climate and time, and omits the explicit role of relief/topography and organisms as distinct contributors, making it less complete.
Option e, in English–Chinese bilingual form, states: Relief, parent material, climate, time, organisms. This combination captures the full and widely accepted set of soil-forming factors: climate (as the overarching environmental conditions), relief/topography (terrain), parent material (the underlying geology), time (duration of soil development), and organisms (plants, microbes, and soil fauna). Each factor is essential and together they provide the most complete framework to explain soil formation.
Thus, the most comprehensive and accurate list among the options is option e, because it includes all five classic soil-forming factors and avoids omitting any critical contributor. In contrast, the other options each miss at least one of these essential factors, leading to an incomplete description of soil formation.

Which option below is the most complete list of factors that contribute to the formation of soil:下面的哪个选项是导致土壤形成的因素的最完整列表：

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