A statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variation in the elements selected for a sample is known as:

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Question restatement: A statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variation in the elements selected for a sample is known as:

Options presented:
- systemat ic error
- random sampling error
- self-selection error
- nonsampling error

Now, we evaluate each option in turn to understand why it is or isn’t the right term:

Option 1: Systematic error. This type of error refers to a consistent, repeatable bias in measurement or process that skews results in a particular direction. It arises from flaws in study design, measurement instruments, or procedures, not from random chance in sample selection. Therefore, it does not describe a fluctuation due to chance variation in the sample elements.

Option 2: Random sampling error. This term precisely denotes the natural fluctuations that occur when a sample is drawn from a population due to random differences between the sample and the population. It arises from chance variation in which individuals are included in the sample, and it tends to diminish as sample size increases. This matches the description given in the question.

Option 3: Self-selection error. This occurs when the study sample is not randomly chosen because participants opt in or out, leading to biased results due to the characteristics of who decides to participate. While it involves selection issues, it is not the general term for fluctuations caused by random variation in the sample elements themselves.

Option 4: Nonsampling error. This broad category includes all errors not related to the act of sampling itself, such as measurement error, data handling mistakes, and nonresponse bias. It is not specifically about random variation in the sample composition.

Summary reasoning: Among the listed possibilities, the description—"statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variation in the elements selected for a sample"—aligns with the concept of random sampling error, which captures the inherent variability that arises from sampling randomness rather than systematic bias or non-sampling issues. The other options describe distinct forms of error that do not match the essence of random fluctuation from sample composition.

MKTG1047 Chapter 5

A statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variation in the elements selected for a sample is known as:

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