Of the following gases, which displays the largest degree of deviation from ideality where the pressure of the real gas is lower than that calculated via the ideal gas equation.

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We are asked to compare how much each gas deviates from ideal gas behavior in such a way that the real gas pressure is lower than the ideal gas pressure at the same temperature and volume. The extent of deviation from ideality tends to increase with molecular size and polarizability, which enhance intermolecular (van der Waals) attractions that reduce the measured pressure below the ideal prediction.

Option a: CH4 (methane). Methane is a relatively small, nonpolar molecule with modest polarizability. Its intermolecular attractions are weaker than heavier or more polarizable molecules, so its deviation from ideality is present but not the largest among the given options.

Option b: Cl2 (chlorine). Chlorine is a heavier, more polarizable diatomic molecule because chlorine atoms are relatively large and the electron cloud is easily distorted. This enhanced dispersion attraction tends to produce a stronger departure from ideal gas behavior, giving a larger reduction in P_real compared to P_ideal than lighter or less polarizable gases.

Option c: H2 (hydrogen). Hydrogen molecules are very small with low polarizability. The weaker intermolecular forces result in a smaller deviation from ideality, so P_real is closer to P_ideal than for heavier, more polarizable gases.

Option d: N2 (nitrogen). Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule with moderate size and polarizability. Its deviation from ideality is noticeable but typically not as large as that of heavier, more polarizable species like Cl2, so it would not exhibit the largest departure among the listed gases.

In summary, the magnitude of non-ideality increases with molecular size and polarizability, so among the options, the gas with the strongest dispersion forces and largest polarizability tends to show the greatest decrease of P_real relative to P_ideal. This makes the heavier, more polarizable Cl2 the gas that displays the largest degree of deviation in the given context.

Of the following gases, which displays the largest degree of deviation from ideality where the pressure of the real gas is lower than that calculated via the ideal gas equation.

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