Section FRead the text on cyclones and answer the following questions. 1. Cyclones are powerful weather systems that can cause great destruction and loss of life. They are also known as hurricanes or typhoons depending on their location. These storms form over warm tropical waters where the ocean temperature is typically above 26.5°C and weather conditions are suitable for their formation. As warm air rises, it cools and releases energy that feeds the cyclone. This causes strong winds which twist around and around, and produces heavy rains. Cyclones can generate winds of up to 250kms per hour. In fact, the strongest cyclone ever recorded was Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013. It produced winds of up to 313kms per hour. Australia is regularly hit by cyclones, but only in the north of the country. 2. The effects of cyclones can be ongoing, particularly in communities that are already disadvantaged or regularly hit. They destroy buildings, disrupt power supplies and damage transport systems. Cyclones can also have a significant impact on agriculture and fishing, destroying crops and affecting supply chains. In addition, cyclones can cause psychological pain, particularly for those who have experienced significant loss or property damage. The economic impact of cyclones can be significant, both in terms of immediate losses and long-term recovery efforts. In 2011, Cyclone Yasi hit Queensland, causing damage to homes, infrastructure, and agriculture. The financial cost was estimated at over $800 million. Despite the devastating impact of these natural disasters, much can be done to reduce the consequences. 3. One of the most effective ways to manage the risk of cyclones is to prepare for their impact. Governments and aid organisations play a critical role in this area. In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology monitors all local cyclones and provides regularly updated information to the public about their potential impact. It also issues warnings and advice to help residents prepare for and respond. Information in advance of the threat is particularly important in remote and isolated communities, where access to resources, including technology, may be limited. 4. Effective building design and construction is important for managing cyclone risk. Buildings need to be designed to handle the strong winds and rain that are typical of these storms. Australian governments have building codes that set minimum standards for cyclone-resistant design and construction. These codes include lists of the materials and design features that must be used in buildings to make them ready for impact. Plans are checked by local authorities and building inspections and certifications ensure that these codes are followed. 5. Infrastructure, such as bridges and roads, also need to take the forces of a cyclone. Coastal areas are especially exposed to damage from storms, which can cause flooding and erosion. This is why governments need to ensure that infrastructure in these areas is designed and constructed to take these forces. They also need to provide enough drainage and flood protection measures. 6. Preparing for a cyclone also involves developing emergency plans. Governments must work with communities to develop procedures and identify escape routes. In addition, they must ensure that emergency services are well prepared to respond to affected communities. People in affected areas should also be encouraged and trained to have their own emergency plans. When Cyclone Tracy hit Darwin, thousands of people were affected because they did not have an evacuation plan. 7. Public education and awareness campaigns are essential for managing cyclone risk. Governments and organizations should provide resources and information to the public about how to prepare. These campaigns should include information about storing emergency supplies. They should also emphasize the importance of staying informed about the progress of a storm and following official advice. 8. In addition to managing the risks, assistance also needs to be provided to communities affected by cyclones. This may include emergency relief provisions, temporary shelter and financial assistance. Governments should also provide support for communities to adapt their existing buildings to make them more substantial in preparation for the inevitable impact of these future tropical storms. 9. Therefore, it is clear that cyclones have very serious effects on communities. Despite this, there are ways that these effects can be lessened, including careful monitoring of the weather, more effective construction and public education. In addition, because there is some evidence that climate change is increasing cyclone activity, more must be done to stop it or at least slow its advances.Questions 23 – 24 . What do the underlined words in the text refer to? Write ONE WORD from the text to compete the sentence. 23. ‘they' in paragraph 6 refers to Answer Question 23[input].