What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic microorganisms?

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Question: What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic microorganisms?

Option 1: They don’t have membrane-bound, organised structures (mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus and RNA)
This statement is inaccurate. Prokaryotes indeed lack membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, but the phrase 'and RNA' is misplaced and confusing; RNA is a fundamental component of all cells, not a structural organelle. The overall claim mixes true and misleading elements and thus cannot be considered a precise characterization of prokaryotes.

Option 2: They have a single DNA or RNA
This option is problematic. Prokaryotes generally have a single circular DNA chromosome, but they do not possess RNA as their primary genetic carrier; the genome is composed of DNA. The wording conflates genetic material with RNA, which leads to an incorrect generalization about prokaryotic genomes.

Option 3: They have a single DNA
This statement is closer to a common description, since many bacteria possess a single circular chromosome. However, real prokaryotic genomes typically also carry plasmids—small, extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that can encode additional traits. Saying 'a single DNA' is an oversimplification and thus technically incomplete.

Option 4: They lack the nucleus, nuclear membrane and chromosomes
This option captures the core defining features of most prokaryotes: no true nucleus, no nuclear membrane, and no organized chromosomes within a nucleus. Chromosomal material is typically a single circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid region, not enclosed by a membrane. This aligns with fundamental prokaryotic cell biology and contrasts with eukaryotic cells, which possess a nucleus and linear chromosomes enclosed by a nuclear membrane.

In summary, the first three choices either misrepresent or oversimplify key aspects (organelles, genome composition, or presence of plasmids) whereas the fourth choice accurately reflects the essential prokaryotic characteristics regarding nucleus and membrane boundaries.

What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic microorganisms?

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