Which of the following have true stems?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Question restated: Which of the following have true stems?

Option a. whisk ferns (Psilotum): The whisk ferns are very simplified vascular plants. They branch dichotomously and lack true leaves, roots, and a complex arrangement of tissues seen in typical stems. In many introductory descriptions, their body is described more like a simple axis rather than a fully developed stem with specialized tissues, which is why this option is considered not to have a 'true stem' in the sense used for the other groups.

Option b. ground pines (Lycopodium): Ground pines possess an upright stem bearing leaves (microphylls) and a vascular system. This fits the classic concept of a true stem with organized vascular tissue and the ability to conduct water and nutrients, so this is typically counted as a true stem.

Option c. spike mosses (Selaginella): Spike mosses also have an upright stem with vascular tissue and microphyll leaves. Like Lycopodium, they exhibit a bona fide stem structure rather than a mere rhizome or thallus, so this is considered a true stem.

Option d. All of the above: This would be true only if A, B, and C all had true stems. Since the reasoning above treats A as not having a true stem, this option is not accurate.

Option e. BOTH B and C: This option claims that only B and C have true stems. Given the typical interpretation that both Lycopodium and Selaginella have true stems, while Psilotum (whisk ferns) are viewed as lacking a conventional true stem in the sense used here, this option aligns with the standard answer key.

Summary of reasoning:
- A (Psilotum) is considered not to have a conventional true stem by many definitions used in introductory botany, so it is not counted as a true stem here.
- B (Lycopodium) has a defined stem with vascular tissue and leaves, so it is a true stem.
- C (Selaginella) also has a defined stem with vascular tissue, so it is a true stem.
- D is incorrect because it asserts that A also has a true stem.
- E is correct because it states that B and C have true stems, excluding A.

Note: If a curriculum defines Psilotum differently and counts its axis as a true stem, then the answer could differ. The explanation above follows the common textbook distinction used in many plant anatomy questions where Psilotum is treated as lacking a conventional true stem.

IB 103 All SP25: Introduction to Plant Biology (Bush, D)

Which of the following have true stems?

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