Question at position 41 Karl PopperThomas KuhnDavid HumeJohn LockeMaryam Jameelah

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The question lists five philosophers and asks you to choose the correct name among them. I will evaluate each option in turn to help you see which one best fits the common attributions in philosophy of science contexts.

Option 1: Karl Popper. Popper is best known for falsificationism—the idea that scientific theories cannot be proven true but can be falsified. He argued that science progresses through bold conjectures and attempts at refutation, not through confirmation via endless testing. If the question were about falsificationism or the demarcation problem (science vs. non-science) as a hallmark of Popper, this would be a strong candidate. However, the phrasing here emphasizes a different concept associated with scientific theory change, which is more closely linked to Kuhn’s work rather than Popper alone.

Option 2: Thomas Kuhn. Kuhn is famous for the notion of scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts, where a prevailing framework (a paradigm) is replaced by a new one when anomalies accumulate and the old framework can no longer adequately explain observations. This concept directly addresses how scientific theories and theories of science change over time, including the social and historical factors that influence theory acceptance. If the question is targeting the idea that scientific theories change through revolutions and shifts rather than solely through logical falsification, Kuhn is the most natural fit among the listed names.

Option 3: David Hume. Hume is celebrated for his empiricist philosophy and his problem of induction, emphasizing limits of inductive reasoning. While Hume’s insights bear on how we justify scientific knowledge, the specific emphasis on how scientific theories change via revolutions or paradigm shifts is not his central contribution. So this option would be less fitting if the focus is on theory-change mechanisms rather than epistemology and induction.

Option 4: John Locke. Locke contributed to empiricism and theories of mind and knowledge, including the notion of tabula rasa and the role of experience. Like Hume, Locke is important in early modern philosophy, but he is not primarily associated with the dynamics of how science progresses through paradigm shifts. Thus this option does not align well with the central concept of theory change over time.

Option 5: Maryam Jameelah. Maryam Jameelah is a contemporary or modern figure associated with specific cultural or literary contexts rather than foundational theories about scientific progression or theory change. This option is not connected to established discussions of how scientific theories evolve through revolutions or shifts.

Putting the pieces together, you can see that the idea of scientific theories changing through a structured process of revolutions and paradigm shifts corresponds most closely to Thomas Kuhn’s framework, as opposed to the other philosophers listed, whose primary contributions lie in falsificationism (Popper), empiricism and induction (Hume and Locke), or outside the core discourse on science history (Maryam Jameelah).

Question at position 41 Karl PopperThomas KuhnDavid HumeJohn LockeMaryam Jameelah

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