According to research by Roberts and colleagues, how can we best describe mean-level change in extraversion over the lifespan?

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When considering what Roberts and colleagues found about mean-level change in extraversion across the lifespan, we should examine what each option implies about the facets of extraversion and how they evolve over time.
Option A proposes a general increase in Extraversion over the lifespan. While some traits can show age-related shifts, the literature on mean-level change in extraversion typically does not support a broad, uniform increase across all facets of extraversion throughout adulthood, making this portrayal potentially oversimplified or inaccurate.
Option B asserts a general decrease in Extraversion with age. Similar to Option A, this broad downward trend is not the consensus view for mean-level change in extraversion, and evidence often points to more nuanced patterns across specific facets rather than a blanket decline.
Option C focuses on vitality-related aspects of extraversion increasing over the life span. Although vitality can be a component in certain models, the Roberts et al. description emphasizes a more specific facet-related change rather than a general upward trend in vitality alone, which makes this option insufficient by itself.
Option D states that aspects of extraversion concerned with dominance increase over the life span. This aligns with research indicating that certain higher-order traits, such as dominance-related behaviors within extraversion, can show a rise in mean level with age due to social roles, status, or confidence changes, while other facets may not follow the same trajectory. This more nuanced facet-level claim fits the described pattern of selective increases over time.
Overall, the reasoning points toward a facet-specific increase rather than a blanket change across all extraversion or a simple decline, with dominance-related aspects capturing the documented shift. The other options either generalize too broadly or emphasize facets not emphasized by Roberts and colleagues in describing mean-level change across the lifespan.

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According to research by Roberts and colleagues, how can we best describe mean-level change in extraversion over the lifespan?

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