Question at position 12 In the above pedigree, what the most likely inheritance for this disorder? Sex-linked recessiveSex-limited recessiveAutosomal recessiveAutosomal dominantSex-limited dominant

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To determine the likely pattern of inheritance from the pedigree, I will evaluate each option against the visible information in the diagram.

Option 1: Sex-linked recessive. This pattern typically shows affected individuals predominantly or exclusively among males, with affected males often born to unaffected carrier mothers. In the provided pedigree, there are affected individuals of both sexes (affected female in generation II or III and an affected male in generation II or III), which makes a strictly sex-linked recessive pattern unlikely. Additionally, since females are affected too, this weakens the case for X-linked inheritance.

Option 2: Sex-limited recessive. Sex-limited traits are those that express only in one sex due to hormonal or reproductive differences, often involving autosomal genes but showing expression only in one sex. The pedigree shows affected individuals in both sexes, so a sex-limited pattern does not fit the data well.

Option 3: Autosomal recessive. In autosomal recessive inheritance, the disorder can appear in both sexes with approximately equal frequency, and it often appears in siblings even when parents are unaffected (carriers). The diagram shows affected individuals of both genders, and there are generations with unaffected parents having affected offspring, which is characteristic of autosomal recessive conditions. The disease also appears to skip generations, which is common when both parents are carriers.

Option 4: Autosomal dominant. This pattern typically shows affected individuals in every generation, with at least one affected parent to produce an affected offspring. The diagram does not show a consistently affected parent–child transmission in every generation; there are generations with affected individuals but also generations where an affected person appears without a clearly affected parent, making autosomal dominant less likely.

Option 5: Sex-limited dominant. Like sex-limited recessive, this would restrict expression to one sex, but dominant inheritance would still usually show transmission from an affected parent to most of the offspring, and we would expect a stronger presence of the trait in one sex across generations. The mixed-sex affected pattern and generation-to-generation transmission in the pedigree argue against a sex-limited dominant pattern.

Taking all options into account, the most consistent pattern with the observed distribution of affected individuals across both sexes and generations is autosomal recessive. The presence of affected individuals in multiple generations, including both males and females, plus possible unaffected carrier parents producing affected offspring, aligns with autosomal recessive inheritance.

Question at position 12 In the above pedigree, what the most likely inheritance for this disorder? Sex-linked recessiveSex-limited recessiveAutosomal recessiveAutosomal dominantSex-limited dominant

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