Which orbital is most penetrating.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

When comparing orbital penetration, we consider how close the electron is likely to be to the nucleus and how much of the electron density resides near the nucleus.
Option 1: 1s – This is the innermost s-orbital, with no angular node and electron density peak very close to the nucleus, giving the greatest penetration among the listed orbitals.
Option 2: 3s – Although an s-orbital, it has a larger principal quantum number and a node farther from the nucleus, so its electron density is more spread out and less penetrating than 1s.
Option 3: 2s – Also an s-orbital, but still with the principal quantum number higher than 1 and with a radial distribution that places some density away from the nucleus; its penetration is less than that of 1s.
Option 4: 3d – This is a d-orbital with angular momentum that prevents electron density from concentrating near the nucleus as effectively as s-orbitals; penetration is significantly lower than for any 1s or other s-orbitals.
Option 5: 2p – P-orbitals have a nodal plane and probability density that avoids the very center, reducing penetrating capability relative to s-orbitals, especially 1s.
In summary, among the given options, the orbital with the highest probability density closest to the nucleus is the 1s orbital, due to its lack of angular nodes and its proximity of electron density to the nucleus. The other orbitals introduce radial nodes, angular nodes, or greater average distances from the nucleus, all of which diminish penetration.

Which orbital is most penetrating.

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