What neuroscience technique allows millisecond-scale temporal manipulation of neural activity?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Let's break down the question and the available options carefully. 
Option 1: Optogenetics. This technique uses light-activated proteins (opsins) to control neural activity with light, offering millisecond-scale temporal precision. That enables researchers to manipulate neural circuits on very fast timescales, matching the requirement in the question.
Option 2: Chemogenetics. This method relies on engineered receptors and designer drugs to modulate neurons, typically producing effects over seconds to minutes due to pharmacokinetics, making it much slower than millisecond-level control.
Option 3: Transcriptomics. This field concerns profiling RNA expression in cells or tissues, providing static or slowly changing data about gene expression patterns rather than rapid control of neural activity. It does not manipulate activity timelines in real time.
Option 4: Trans-synaptic labeling. This technique maps synaptic connections by labeling neurons across synapses, which is valuable for circuit mapping but does not provide rapid, millisecond-scale manipulation of neural firing.

In summary, the key requirement is fast, precise, light-driven control of neuronal activity, which is a hallmark of optogenetics. The other options describe modalities that are either slower in effect (chemogenetics) or are analytic or mapping approaches (transcriptomics, trans-synaptic labeling) and do not confer millisecond-scale temporal control.

NEUR20001_2025_SM2 Assessment for Week 12: Association Cortex and Learning and Memory

What neuroscience technique allows millisecond-scale temporal manipulation of neural activity?

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