Question at position 10 What is a null hypothesis (H0)?A hypothesis that there is an effect or relationshipA hypothesis predicting a positive outcomeA hypothesis that supports the researcher's beliefA hypothesis stating there is no effect or relationship between variables

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The prompt asks about the null hypothesis (H0) and provides four options. Let's examine each option carefully and articulate why it is correct or incorrect before identifying the correct choice.

Option 1: 'A hypothesis that there is an effect or relationship' This describes a general alternative or research hypothesis (often denoted Ha or H1), which posits that there is some effect or relationship. It is not the null hypothesis. Therefore, this statement is incorrect as a definition of H0.

Option 2: 'A hypothesis predicting a positive outcome' While some studies may predict a positive direction, hypotheses can be non-directional or directional. Saying it predicts a positive outcome is too specific and does not capture the universal definition of H0, which is about no effect or relationship. Thus this option is incorrect for defining H0.

Option 3: 'A hypothesis that supports the researcher's belief' This describes a biased or confirmatory stance rather than a formal statistical null. The null hypothesis is not about aligning with the researcher’s belief; it is a standard of default assuming no effect until evidence suggests otherwise. Therefore, this option is incorrect as a definition of H0.

Option 4: 'A hypothesis stating there is no effect or relationship between variables' This precisely articulates the null hypothesis: it posits no effect, no relationship, or no difference between studied populations or variables. It serves as the baseline to test against the alternative. This option correctly defines H0.

By comparing all options, it becomes clear which statement corresponds to the null hypothesis. The correct understanding is that H0 asserts no effect or relationship, providing a basis for statistical testing against the alternative hypothesis. The remaining options mischaracterize H0 by implying effects, directional predictions, researcher bias, or non-null conclusions, which do not align with the formal definition of a null hypothesis.

Question at position 10 What is a null hypothesis (H0)?A hypothesis that there is an effect or relationshipA hypothesis predicting a positive outcomeA hypothesis that supports the researcher's beliefA hypothesis stating there is no effect or relationship between variables

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