Mutations result either from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of __________, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and change the structure and arrangement of nucleotides.

Question

Mutations result either from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of __________, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and change the structure and arrangement of nucleotides.

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks about the source of mutations, stating that mutations can arise from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of __________, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and alter nucleotides.
Since no answer options are provided, we cannot evaluate choices, but we can explain the concept and why the provided answer fits.
Mutations originating from replication errors occur during DNA synthesis when incorrect nucleotides are incorporated or when proofreading/repair mechanisms fail. In addition to replication errors, mutagenic agents can induce changes in DNA structure by directly reacting with DNA or by generating reactive species that attack bases, sugars, or the backbone.
Mutagens are agents that increase the frequency of mutations. They include physical mutagens like ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays) and ultraviolet light, as well as chemical mutagens such as certain alkylating agents or base analogs. These agents can modify bases, cause cross-links, or create single- or double-strand breaks, leading to misincorporation during replication or failing repair.
The sentence in the prompt aligns with the classic description of mutagens: chemicals and radiation that react with DNA and change its structure and nucleotide arrangement, thereby increasing mutation rate.
In summary, a mutagen is any factor that damages DNA and elevates mutational events, matching the idea presented in the question that such agents include chemicals and radiation capable of altering nucleotides.

Mutations result either from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of __________, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and change the structure and arrangement of nucleotides.

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