Scientists have used a combination of molecular clock data and fossils to suggest that multicellularity has arisen multiple times in eukaryotic lineages. Based on the information in the figure below, multicellularity has arisen in which list of lineages?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To approach this question, I’ll compare each option against the evidence that multicellularity arose multiple times in eukaryotes as suggested by molecular clock data and fossils in the figure.
Option 1: 'Land plants, fungi, lobose amoebas' — This choice includes land plants, which are clearly multicellular, but lobose amoebas are typically unicellular organisms, not multicellular, and fungi are generally multicellular as well; however, the diagram’s multicellular lineages cluster differently, and lobose amoebas are not shown as multicellular lineages in the figure. Therefore this option mixes a true multicellular lineage with a predominantly unicellular group, making it inconsistent with the pattern shown.
Option 2: 'Land plants, metazoans, plasmodial slime molds' — Land plants and metazoans (animals) are well-established multicellular lineages. Plasmodial slime molds (also called myxomycetes) form plasmodia, a large multinucleate cell, representing a multicellular-like organization that arises independently of plants and animals. The figure and molecular clock data indicate these three lines arose multicellularity separately, reflecting multiple origins across eukaryotes.
Option 3: 'Ciliates, dinoflagellates, fungi' — Ciliates and dinoflagellates are protists that generally exist as unicellular entities, with complex life cycles but not multicellular tissues; fungi do form multicellular networks, but the combination here implies a set that does not align with the distinct, independently arisen multicellular groups highlighted in the figure. Thus this option doesn’t fit the pattern of repeated independent origins as depicted.
Option 4: 'Fungi, red algae, diatoms' — Fungi are multicellular, red algae can be multicellular, and diatoms are typically unicellular or colonial; this mix again does not reflect the independently originated multicellularity clusters shown in the diagram. The presence of predominantly unicellular diatoms makes this grouping unlikely to represent multiple independent origins as the question intends.
In summary, each incorrect option either pairs a predominantly unicellular lineage with a multicellular one without supporting the idea of multiple independent origins, or assigns lineages whose positions in the figure do not match the pattern of several separate unicellular-to-multicellular transitions. The combination that best reflects independently evolved multicellularity across distinct eukaryotic lineages, as illustrated by the figure and supported by molecular clock data, is the trio of land plants, metazoans, and plasmodial slime molds.

BIOL10002_2025_SM1 BIOL10002 Test 3 (Online)

Scientists have used a combination of molecular clock data and fossils to suggest that multicellularity has arisen multiple times in eukaryotic lineages. Based on the information in the figure below, multicellularity has arisen in which list of lineages?

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