_____ variables allow us to understand the mechanisms by which an effect is transmitted, while _____ variables allow us to understand the conditions under which an experimental treatment affects an important outcome.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

This question asks us to identify two types of variables and what each type explains about an experimental effect.
Option A: 'Moderating, confounding' — Moderating variables describe how the effect of the treatment changes across levels of another variable, i.e., conditions under which effects occur, but confounding variables are not a mechanism or condition concept in this context; they are extraneous variables that distort the observed relationship. So this pairing is incorrect.
Option B: 'Mediating, confounding' — A mediating variable explains the mechanism through which the treatment influences the outcome (the how or process), which is correct for mediators, but 'confounding' is not about the conditions under which an effect occurs; it refers to a bias from a variable related to both treatment and outcome. Therefore this combination is not appropriate.
Option C: 'Moderating, mediating' — Here the order is reversed relative to the definitions. A moderating variable explains for whom or under what conditions an effect occurs, whereas a mediating variable explains the mechanism. Assigning moderating to mechanism and mediating to condition is incorrect.
Option D: 'Mediating, moderating' — This pair aligns with the standard distinctions: mediating variables reveal the mechanism by which an effect is transmitted (the how), while moderating variables identify the conditions or contexts in which the treatment effect is stronger, weaker, or changes sign (the when/under what conditions). Thus this option correctly matches each concept to its role in an experimental context.

25S-POL SCI-M141A-LEC-1 / 25S-PSYCH-M138-LEC-1 Quiz #1

_ variables allow us to understand the mechanisms by which an effect is transmitted, while _ variables allow us to understand the conditions under which an experimental treatment affects an important outcome.

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