What are the 7 Ps of marketing?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To start, I’ll list what each option is proposing as the 7 Ps and compare them to the standard model.
Option 1: 'Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Psychology' replaces Physical evidence with Psychology. The core elements are Product, Price, Place, Promotion, and People, but Physical evidence is a recognized P, and Psychology here is not part of the classic 7 Ps.
Option 2: 'Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Personalization, Physical evidence' substitutes Personalization for Process. While Personalization is a modern marketing concept, the traditional 7 Ps include Process rather than Personalization, so this is not the standard set.
Option 3: 'Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Personalization, Psychology' includes both Personalization and Psychology but omits Process and Physical evidence. This diverges from the conventional list by swapping in two nonstandard terms and dropping two standard ones.
Option 4: 'Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Psychology, Physical evidence' swaps Psychology for Process. Psychology is not one of the canonical Ps, whereas Process is an established element alongside the others, so this is not the conventional 7 Ps.
Option 5: 'Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical evidence' matches the textbook version of the 7 Ps precisely: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical evidence. All terms align with the established framework and the remaining options fail to include one or more of these standard elements.
In summary, each incorrect option introduces a term that is not part of the classic 7 Ps (such as Psychology or Personalization) or replaces an established element (like swapping Process with Psychology). The only option that preserves the accepted set is Option 5, which faithfully lists Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical evidence.

AD737 O2 Innovative Marketing Techniques (Fall 25) Final Exam AD737 O2 Innovative Marketing Techniques (Fall 25) Final Exam

What are the 7 Ps of marketing?

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