The main categories of market-oriented approaches to pollution control are

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The question asks for the main categories of market-oriented approaches to pollution control. The provided answer lists three components: marketable permits, better-defined property rights, and pollution charges.
First, marketable permits refer to cap-and-trade systems where a limited number of pollution permits are issued and can be bought or sold, creating a market price for emissions and providing economic incentives to reduce pollution.
Second, better-defined property rights involve clearly established ownership or rights to pollute, which allows affected parties to trade those rights or negotiate reductions, aligning incentives with the cost of pollution.
Third, pollution charges correspond to Pigouvian taxes or charges that set a price on pollution per unit of emission, motivating firms to reduce emissions to lower costs.
Together, these three elements cover the core market-based instruments used in pollution control: emission trading (marketable permits), assignable rights with tradable value (property rights), and price signals via taxes or charges (pollution charges).
As there are no alternative options provided for comparison in this question, the single listed group accurately represents the main market-oriented categories commonly discussed in environmental economics.
If other options had been present, evaluation would involve distinguishing market-based tools from command-and-control approaches and assessing whether they explicitly create price signals, tradable rights, or spatially or transaction-based incentives.

ECON 203-0001 Chapter 12

The main categories of market-oriented approaches to pollution control are

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