What will be the output of this small program? public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 0; int b = 0; for (int c = 3; c c) { b = b - 1; a = a - b; } b = b + a; } System.out.print(b); } } Trace this code Links to an external site.

Question

What will be the output of this small program?

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;

for (int c = 3; c <= 5; c++) {
      b = 8;
      while (b > c) {
        b = b - 1;
        a = a - b;
      }
      b = b + a;
    }
    System.out.print(b);
  }
}

Trace this code
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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question provides a Java program and asks for the output after tracing its execution. Since no answer options are given, I will walk through the code step by step, focusing on how the variables a, b, and c change in each part of the loops.

Initial state: a = 0, b = 0.

Loop over c:
- The loop runs with c = 3, then 4, then 5 (three iterations in total). In every iteration, the first statement is b = 8, so b is reset to 8 at the start of each c-cycle.

Iteration 1: c = 3
- Enter while since b (8) > c (3).
  1) b becomes 7; a becomes a - b = 0 - 7 = -7.
  2) b becomes 6; a becomes a - b = -7 - 6 = -13.
  3) b becomes 5; a becomes a - b = -13 - 5 = -18.
  4) b becomes 4; a becomes a - b = -18 - 4 = -22.
  5) b becomes 3; a becomes a - b = -22 - 3 = -25.
- Now b is 3 and the condition b > c is false (3 > 3 is false), so exit the while loop.
- After the while loop, execute b = b + a => b = 3 + (-25) = -22.
- End of iteration 1: a = -25, b = -22.

Iteration 2: c = 4
- Reset b to 8.
- Enter while since 8 > 4:
  1) b = 7; a = -25 - 7 = -32.
  2) b = 6; a = -32 - 6 = -38.
  3) b = 5; a = -38 - 5 = -43.
  4) b = 4; a = -43 - 4 = -47.
- Exit while since b (4) is not greater than c (4).
- Then b = b + a => b = 4 + (-47) = -43.
- End of iteration 2: a = -47, b = -43.

Iteration 3: c = 5
- Reset b to 8.
- Enter while since 8 > 5:
  1) b = 7; a = -47 - 7 = -54.
  2) b = 6; a = -54 - 6 = -60.
  3) b = 5; a = -60 - 5 = -65.
- Exit while since b (5) is not greater than c (5).
- Then b = b + a => b = 5 + (-65) = -60.
- End of iteration 3: a = -65, b = -60.

After the for-loop completes (c has taken 3, 4, and 5), the statement System.out.print(b) prints the current value of b, which is -60.

Note on control flow reasoning:
- Every iteration of the for loop resets b to 8, then decreases b stepwise while accumulating a with a = a - b at each step, until b equals c, at which point the while condition fails.
- The final step of each iteration adds the accumulated a to the current b, updating b for the next outer loop iteration (or for printing if it’s the last iteration).
- The pattern shows a and b evolving through a sequence of subtractions that depend on the running values of b and c, with a accumulating the negative values of b encountered in the while-loop, and b being updated by adding a after the loop.

If you want, I can re-run this with a trace log or help visualize the values in a table for each step.

2025SpringC-X-CSE110-20979 PRACTICE - Tracing Nested Loops

What will be the output of this small program? public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 0; int b = 0; for (int c = 3; c <= 5; c++) { b = 8; while (b > c) { b = b - 1; a = a - b; } b = b + a; } System.out.print(b); } } Trace this code Links to an external site.

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