Flat bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are formed by:

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Question: Flat bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are formed by:

Option 1: endochontral ossification. This option is inconsistent with the typical formation of flat bones, which arise directly from mesenchyme without a cartilage scaffold in a process called intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification primarily forms long bones and involves a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone. Therefore, this statement is incorrect for flat bones.

Option 2: bone resorption. Bone resorption is the process of removing bone tissue, typically carried out by osteoclasts during remodeling. It is not a mechanism for forming new flat bones, so this choice does not describe how skull, sternum, or rib bones are created. Thus, this is incorrect.

Option 3: intramembranous ossification. This is the classic pathway for forming flat bones. In intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate directly into osteoblasts, which lay down bone matrix and form immature woven bone that remodels into mature compact and spongy bone. This aligns precisely with how flat bones like those of the skull, sternum, and ribs develop, making this the correct mechanism in this context.

Option 4: osteogenesis. While osteogenesis refers to bone formation in a general sense, it is an umbrella term and does not specify the exact process or sequence (intramembranous vs. endochondral). Relying on this broad term misses the key distinction that flat bones form via intramembranous ossification, so this option is not accurate for the question as asked.

Option 5: bone deposition. Similar to osteogenesis, bone deposition describes a general aspect of bone formation or growth rather than naming the specific developmental pathway. Since the question asks for the process specific to flat bones, this broader descriptor is not the correct mechanism in this context. It is therefore incorrect.

9808 WINTER 2025 BRUCE INTENSIVE Laboratory Exam 1: Undergraduate Students (9808)

Flat bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are formed by:

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