Which of the following mechanisms are used by the balsam woolly adelgid to disperse?

A) Crawling

B) Phoresy

C) Wind

D) All of the above

E) A and C

Question

Which of the following mechanisms are used by the balsam woolly adelgid to disperse?

A) Crawling

B) Phoresy

C) Wind

D) All of the above

E) A and C

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Question restatement: Which of the following mechanisms are used by the balsam woolly adelgid to disperse?

Option A: Crawling
- This mode would involve the insects moving locally along surfaces, such as the host plant, to locate new feeding sites. It is a plausible dispersal tactic for tiny sap-sucking insects that can move short distances to find fresh feeding areas on the same plant or nearby hosts.

Option B: Phoresy
- Phoresy refers to transport by hitchhiking with another organism. For many aphid-like insects, this is a recognized dispersal method in some systems, but the balsam woolly adelgid is not regularly documented as using phoresy as a primary dispersal strategy, making this option less likely based on common literature.

Option C: Wind
- Wind-assisted dispersal is a well-documented mechanism for many small, lightweight insects and their egg or crawlers, enabling longer-range movement away from infested trees. This is a common dispersal pathway for adelgids and related species.

Option D: All of the above
- This would require A, B, and C to be true. Given the typical understanding that phoresy is not a major dispersal mode for this species, this option is unlikely.

Option E: A and C
- If both crawling and wind dispersal are used, and phoresy is not a relevant mechanism for balsam woolly adelgid, this option accurately captures the known dispersal modes without overstating the case.

Option-by-option analysis:
- A) Crawling: Correct if the balsam woolly adelgid uses local movement along the plant. This aligns with how small sap-sucking insects often reposition themselves on hosts.
- B) Phoresy: Incorrect (likely false) because there is no strong evidence that balsam woolly adelgid commonly rely on hitchhiking on another organism for dispersal; this would be a misattribution of their primary dispersal strategy.
- C) Wind: Correct, as wind can carry lightweight crawlers or juvenile stages to new trees, contributing to longer-range dispersal.
- D) All of the above: Incorrect because B is not supported as a dispersal mechanism for this species, making the statement inaccurate.
- E) A and C: Correct, since both crawling and wind are plausible and supported dispersal mechanisms, while phoresy is not considered a typical route for this adelgid.

Summary of reasoning flow: The question asks which mechanisms are used for dispersal. Crawling (A) provides local movement capability, and wind (C) provides broader dispersal potential. Phoresy (B) is not evidenced as a standard dispersal method for balsam woolly adelgid, so including it would render D (All of the above) incorrect. Therefore, the combination of A and C (Option E) best matches the known dispersal modes, while D and B are not accurate for this species.

SD test20251001_classic

Which of the following mechanisms are used by the balsam woolly adelgid to disperse? A) Crawling B) Phoresy C) Wind D) All of the above E) A and C

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