London discusses Aristotle's view about the "productive sciences" or what we might call "applied sciences". According to Aristotle, what type of reasoning does the empiric use?

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The question asks about Aristotle's view of the type of reasoning used by the empiric when dealing with the so-called 'productive sciences' or applied sciences.
Option A: 'Mathematical reasoning based on abstractions from empirical observations.' This is not aligned with the empiric tradition as Aristotle presents it; empirical inquiry emphasizes concrete particulars rather than abstract mathematical generalizations drawn directly from observation, so this choice mischaracterizes the nature of empiric reasoning.
Option B: 'Reasoning about particulars based on experience.' This matches the core idea of empirical inquiry: starting from specific observations and experiences about individual cases and building knowledge from those particulars. It reflects induction from experience, which is central to the empiric approach Aristotle discusses.
Option C: 'Reasoning about universals based on theory or understanding.' This describes more of a rationalist or a priori theoretical stance, where one moves from general principles to conclusions, not the experience-driven, particular-focused approach of empiricism.
Option D: 'Linguistic reasoning based on the logical analysis of concepts.' While analysis of concepts can be part of philosophy, it does not capture the empiric's emphasis on experienced particulars as the basis for reasoning in the productive/applied sciences.

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London discusses Aristotle's view about the "productive sciences" or what we might call "applied sciences". According to Aristotle, what type of reasoning does the empiric use?

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