A substantial body of evidence has shown that white and black raters:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks about findings from a substantial body of evidence on raters, comparing white and black raters, in the context of performance ratings.
Option 1: 'tend to give lower ratings to members of their similar racial group.' This runs counter to much social-psychology research on rating biases, which often shows a similarity bias leading to higher ratings for in-group members rather than universally lower ratings. As a result, this option reflects an unlikely direction of bias given the typical patterns studied.
Option 2: 'tend to give higher ratings to seniors over younger workers.' While bias based on age could occur in some contexts, the statement shifts the focus from race to age and does not address racial similarity between raters and ratees. The question specifically concerns white and black raters, so this option introduces a different dimension and is not aligned with the given evidence about racial similarity effects.
Option 3: 'tend to give higher ratings to women over men.' This option concerns gender bias, not racial similarity between raters and ratees. Since the prompt emphasizes racial groups (white and black), this answer drifts away from the core topic and is not about racial similarity biases.
Option 4: 'tend to give higher ratings to members of their similar racial group.' This statement aligns with well-documented findings on in-group bias in performance ratings, where raters tend to rate individuals who share their racial group more favorably, reflecting similarity-attraction and social identity processes. This pattern has been observed across multiple studies and contexts, making it the most consistent with the reported evidence.
In summary, options 1, 2, and 3 address biases along other dimensions (dislike of in-group, age, and gender) or misstate the direction of bias, while option 4 coherently describes the established phenomenon of similarity-based advantages in ratings between white and black raters and ratees. The reasoning hinges on the idea that in-group similarity can influence evaluative judgments, leading to higher ratings for those who resemble the rater. Note that each distractor blends a plausible-sounding claim with a misalignment to the core racial-similarity finding, which is why they are considered incorrect within this question's context.

A substantial body of evidence has shown that white and black raters:

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