Sperling (1960) conducted a series of well-known experiments in which participants were presented stimuli consisting of three rows of letters. Overall, he found that participants:

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Sperling (1960) conducted a classic experiment in which participants were shown three rows of letters briefly and asked to report what they could recall. Here are the option-by-option analyses:
Option 1: 'can report the entire array in the whole report condition.' This statement would imply that participants can accurately report all items when asked to report the entire array, which is not supported by Sperling's findings. In the whole report condition, performance declines because the brief presentation and rapid mask limit memory for the full set, so this is incorrect.
Option 2: 'can report the entire array in the partial report condition.' The partial report condition shows that if participants are cued to report only one row after the stimulus, they can report that cued row with high accuracy, but not the entire array. Thus, this overstates what can be reported and is not accurate regarding the full array.
Option 3: 'can retain almost the whole array for a short time.' This aligns with Sperling's iconic finding from the iconic memory (sensory memory) paradigm: after a brief presentation, participants can retain a large portion of the array for a very short time, especially when cues are used to focus attention on a subset. The partial report technique demonstrated that the information is present in memory briefly and can be reported if cued, indicating a high capacity for a fleeting moment. This is the correct interpretation of his results.
Option 4: 'can retain only one row of the letters.' This is incorrect because Sperling showed that the capacity of sensory memory is larger than a single row; with brief exposure and appropriate cues, observers can access much more of the array than just one row, indicating a much wider available content than this option states.

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Sperling (1960) conducted a series of well-known experiments in which participants were presented stimuli consisting of three rows of letters. Overall, he found that participants:

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Which statement correctly describes how Sperling modified his partial report method to measure the duration of visual sensory memory, AND what is the estimated duration of the iconic trace using this method?

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