Which of the following best describes Environmental Geoscience:

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Question: Which of the following best describes Environmental Geoscience:

Option a: It studies the interactions between nature and human activity.
This is a strong description of Environmental Geoscience, which focuses on how natural systems interact with human actions, including impacts on land, water, air, and ecosystems. The phrasing captures the core interdisciplinary remit of the field—bridging geology, ecology, hydrology, climate science, and human geography to understand coupled natural–human systems.

Option b: It examines only built environmental issues.
This is too narrow. Environmental Geoscience does not limit itself to built environments; it also addresses natural processes and their relation to human activity, such as erosion, natural hazards, watershed processes, contaminant fate in groundwater, and climate impacts—areas that extend beyond “built” issues.

Option c: It examines only natural environmental issues.
Again, this limit is incorrect. While natural environmental issues are a key part of the discipline, Environmental Geoscience explicitly includes the human dimension—how human activities influence and are influenced by geologic and environmental processes, requiring social, economic, and policy considerations in addition to physical science.

Option d: It uses multidisciplinary approaches.
This statement reflects a hallmark of Environmental Geoscience: integrating multiple disciplines (geology, hydrology, meteorology, ecology, geography, policy, engineering) to analyze environmental problems. The field relies on cross-disciplinary methods to address complex Earth-system questions and management challenges.

Summary: Options a and d correctly characterize Environmental Geoscience, highlighting both the interaction between nature and human activity and the multidisciplinary methods used. Options b and c are too restrictive, as they exclude either the human dimension or the non-built aspects of environmental issues, respectively.

Which of the following best describes Environmental Geoscience:

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