Ivan has been worried for months, but he really cannot pinpoint the source of his concerns. He is also jumpy and irritable and has difficulty sleeping. Ivan is probably experiencing:

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Ivan has been worrying for months without a clear source, is jumpy and irritable, and has sleep difficulties. This constellation points toward an enduring, generalized pattern of anxiety rather than a discrete, specific fear.
Option A: 'a phobia.' Phobias involve intense, persistent fear about a specific object or situation (e.g., spiders, heights) and typically provoke anxiety only when the person encounters that trigger. The symptoms here are broad and lack a single focal trigger, making a phobia unlikely.
Option B: 'generalised anxiety disorder.' This choice fits a pervasive, long-standing pattern of excessive worry across multiple domains (health, work, daily life) with associated symptoms such as irritability, restlessness, and sleep disturbance, persisting for months. The non-specific source of worry aligns with GAD characteristics.
Option C: 'panic disorder.' Panic disorder is characterized by sudden, recurrent panic attacks—intense episodes of fear with physical symptoms like pounding heart, dizziness, and chest pain—often followed by fear of another attack. The information provided emphasizes chronic worry and irritability rather than discrete panic episodes, making this less likely.
Option D: 'somatoform pain disorder.' Historically, somatoform (somatic) disorders involve physical symptoms (like pain) that are not fully explained by medical conditions, with significant distress. The description focuses on worry, irritability, and sleep rather than unexplained pain as the primary feature, so this option is not the best match.
Overall, the pattern of persistent, excessive worry across various areas, along with irritability and sleep disturbance, is most consistent with generalized anxiety disorder.

11399 SEM-1 2025 BRUCE ON-CAMPUS AND SEM-1 2025 BRUCE REALTIME Final Exam (Online S1) (Remotely Proctored)

Ivan has been worried for months, but he really cannot pinpoint the source of his concerns. He is also jumpy and irritable and has difficulty sleeping. Ivan is probably experiencing:

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