Question at position 21 What are the two main mechanisms of action that transcription factors use to regulate gene expression?chromatin remodeling and mRNA degradationRNA polymerase binding onlyRNA polymerase binding and mRNA degradationRibosome binding and chromatin remodelingRNA polymerase activity and chromatin remodelingClear my selection

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks for the two main mechanisms of action that transcription factors use to regulate gene expression.
Option 1: 'chromatin remodeling and mRNA degradation' — Chromatin remodeling is indeed a mechanism transcription factors influence, but mRNA degradation is a post-transcriptional process typically controlled by RNA stability pathways, not a direct mechanism of transcription factors to regulate gene expression. So this pairing is inaccurate for the transcription-factor–driven transcriptional regulation.
Option 2: 'RNA polymerase binding only' — Transcription factors influence transcription in multiple ways beyond simply affecting RNA polymerase binding; they can recruit coactivators, alter chromatin structure, recruit polymerase, or modulate its activity. Saying only RNA polymerase binding oversimplifies the role of transcription factors.
Option 3: 'RNA polymerase binding and mRNA degradation' — This combines a transcription-level action (RNA polymerase binding) with a post-transcriptional action (mRNA degradation). While transcription factors can impact polymerase recruitment, they do not directly cause mRNA degradation as their primary mechanism of action on gene expression.
Option 4: 'Ribosome binding and chromatin remodeling' — Ribosome binding relates to translation, which occurs after transcription. Transcription factors regulate transcription, not translation initiation via ribosome binding. This pairing mixes processes at different stages and is therefore incorrect.
Option 5: 'RNA polymerase activity and chromatin remodeling' — This option captures two core transcription-level mechanisms: (1) influencing RNA polymerase activity (including recruitment, stabilization, and initiation) and (2) remodeling chromatin to make DNA more or less accessible for transcription. Together, these reflect the primary ways transcription factors regulate transcriptional output.
In summary, options 1–4 each misrepresent the scope or timing of transcription-factor action, while option 5 aligns with the established mechanisms by which transcription factors regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level.

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