If a child is born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and has severe facial and body deformities, it is most likely that her mother drank heavy amounts of alcohol particularly during the

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks about when a fetus would most likely be affected by heavy maternal alcohol consumption, leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder with severe facial and body deformities.
Option 1: 'none of the other answers are correct' This claim would be true only if all the other options were entirely incorrect, but in this context there is a well-established developmental window during which teratogens like alcohol produce major congenital anomalies, so this option is not accurate.
Option 2: 'few weeks before pregnancy' This suggests exposure prior to conception or outside the critical periods of embryonic development. Teratogenic effects that lead to significant structural malformations typically occur after conception when the embryo is forming organs, not strictly before pregnancy, making this choice unlikely as the primary window.
Option 3: 'zygotic period of development' The zygotic (or pre-implantation) period spans roughly the first week after fertilization. Teratogenic effects here are less about causing pronounced facial/body deformities and more about implantation issues or early embryonic loss. Major malformations are more characteristically associated with later stages, so this option is not the best fit for severe deformities.
Option 4: 'embryonic period of development' The embryonic period covers roughly weeks 3–8 after fertilization, a critical window when organ formation and facial features develop. Exposure to alcohol during this time is most strongly linked to structural defects characteristic of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, including facial anomalies and body malformations, due to disruption of developmental signaling pathways and cell differentiation during organogenesis.
In summary, the embryonic period is the developmental window during which teratogens like alcohol are most likely to cause major congenital abnormalities, aligning with the presentation described in the question. The other periods either occur too early (pre-implantation) or are less associated with the specific pattern of structural deformities, or in the case of the pre-pregnancy option, do not correspond to an active developmental stage for the fetus.

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If a child is born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and has severe facial and body deformities, it is most likely that her mother drank heavy amounts of alcohol particularly during the

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