What is the difference between human neuroimaging methods that detect frequencies in neural signals and methods that are based on hemodynamics?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Question restatement: The prompt asks to distinguish between human neuroimaging methods that detect frequencies in neural signals (frequency-based methods) and those that are grounded in hemodynamics (blood flow/oxygenation changes).
Option 1: 'Frequency-based methods are correlational while hemodynamics-based methods are causal.' This is not accurate as both families of methods can be interpreted causally or correlational depending on experimental design and analysis. For example, EEG/MEG frequency analyses are typically correlational with task variables unless an intervention or model is used to infer causality; similarly, hemodynamic measures like fMRI can be used in designs intended to infer causality but are not inherently causal by virtue of being hemodynamic.
Option 2: 'Hemodynamics-based methods rely on changes in blood oxygenation while frequency-based methods cannot detect changes in blood oxygenation.' This captures a core distinction: hemodynamic techniques (e.g., fMRI, fNIRS) rely on neurovascular coupling and measure blood-oxygen-level dependent signals, whereas frequency-based methods (e.g., EEG/MEG time–frequency analyses) measure electrical activity and do not directly detect blood oxygenation changes. The key point is that frequency-based approaches monitor neural oscillations directly via electrical signals, not via hemodynamic changes.
Option 3: 'All of the options' would require every statement to be true. Since option 1 is not universally accurate and option 4 is inaccurate (see below), this 'All of the options' choice is not correct.
Option 4: 'Hemodynamics-based methods can measure neural activity directly while frequency-based methods rely on indirect estimates of neural activity.' This is misleading. Hemodynamics-based methods do not measure neural activity directly; they infer neural activity from vascular responses (indirect measurement). Frequency-based methods measure electrical activity (neural signals) more directly, but still with caveats; overall, this statement mischaracterizes both families, making it incorrect.
In summary, option 2 is the best description of the fundamental difference: hemodynamic methods rely on blood-oxygenation changes, whereas frequency-based methods do not directly detect such vascular signals and instead capture electrical/neural dynamics.

PSYC20006_2025_SM1 Assessed Quiz #3 - Jacob's section (Neuroimaging)

What is the difference between human neuroimaging methods that detect frequencies in neural signals and methods that are based on hemodynamics?

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