位置4的问题 Which of the following reforms was widely adopted in the 1980s?Which of the following reforms was widely adopted in the 1980s?Dual-track price systemSOE layoffFiscal centralizationBanking independence

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题干信息回顾：问题在于80年代广泛采用的改革是哪一个选项。下面逐一分析各选项的正确性与常见误解。
选项1：Dual-track price system（双轨制定价）。这是正确答案。背景是中国改革开放初期，价格体系并非一次性全面市场化，而是在同一时期并存两套价格体系：计划价格与市场价格并行，用以过渡市场化改革，广泛应用于80年代中后期，成为推动资源配置与企业改革的关键机制。
选项2：SOE layoff（国有企业裁员）。尽管在80年代末及90年代初的改革中，国企改革确有裁员与 Downsizing 的趋势，但“广泛采用”作为一个普遍制度性改革的描述略显 overstated。裁员更多是伴随企业改革与劳动关系调整的一个结果，而非一个独立被广泛采用的改革框架。
选项3：Fiscal centralization（财政集权化）。20世纪80年代及其前后期，中国并非以财政集权化为标志性广泛采用的改革内容。相对而言，财政体系在地方财政自主权、预算管理等方面经历了分权与改革的调适，而非简单地向中央集权化扩展，因此把财政集权化作为广泛采用的80年代改革并不准确。
选项4：Banking independence（银行独立性）。银行独立性作为现代金融体制改革的理念在后续阶段有推进，但在80年代中国的银行体系改革中，实际推进更多体现在央行与商业银行的职能调整、利率市场化等逐步改革上，而非广泛确立一个“银行独立性”的制度性改革。因此将其视为80年代广泛采用的改革并不贴切。
综合来看，四个选项中，只有“Dual-track price system”符合80年代广泛采用的改革特征与时间脉络，其它选项要么更多体现后续阶段的改革要素，要么属于局部调整而非广泛推广的制度性改革。

位置4的问题 Which of the following reforms was widely adopted in the 1980s?Which of the following reforms was widely adopted in the 1980s?Dual-track price systemSOE layoffFiscal centralizationBanking independence

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