A disturbance, such as the fire shown in the image below, results in most of the species of the community either fleeing the area or dying in the fire. This is an example of
[ Select ]
primary succession
secondary succession
.

Volcanoes erupt on the islands of Hawaii, resulting in new land formation, starting at the bedrock. This is an example of
[ Select ]
primary succession
secondary succession
.

Question

A disturbance, such as the fire shown in the image below, results in most of the species of the community either fleeing the area or dying in the fire. This is an example of 
[ Select ]
primary succession
secondary succession
 .

Volcanoes erupt on the islands of Hawaii, resulting in new land formation, starting at the bedrock. This is an example of 
[ Select ]
primary succession
secondary succession
 .

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question presents two scenarios and asks you to choose the type of ecological succession for each.

First scenario: A disturbance such as a fire destroys much of the community, and most species either flee or die. This description fits secondary succession. In secondary succession, an environment is disturbed but soil and some organic material remain, allowing organisms to recolonize and ecosystems to recover over time. The key clue is that the disturbance removes organisms but does not completely erase the soil base.

Second scenario: Volcano eruption creates new land by forming fresh bedrock and lava flows with no soil, and life begins to colonize this bare substrate. This is primary succession. In primary succession, there is no preexisting soil or life, so pioneer organisms (often lichens or certain microbes) gradually begin the soil-building process as the landscape develops from rock to soil.

Why the other possibilities are less fitting:
- Primary succession (first scenario) would require no soil and a barren substrate from the outset; a fire that leaves soil intact and allows rapid recolonization aligns with secondary succession, not primary.
- Secondary succession (second scenario) would imply preexisting soil and some remnants of life; lava flows that reset the landscape to bare rock provide a classic case of primary succession rather than secondary.

Overall, the first scenario corresponds to secondary succession, and the second scenario corresponds to primary succession, based on whether soil remains after disturbance and whether new soil must be formed from bare rock.

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