According to the Doughnut Theory, the "hole" in the doughnut represents:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

In this question, we’re testing knowledge of what the central void (the hole) in the Doughnut Model signifies.
Option a: 'Economic growth' — This answer misplaces the concept. The hole is not about growth metrics or the desire for more GDP; it’s about what people at a minimum need to live well. So this is inaccurate.
Option b: 'Human deprivation and unmet basic needs' — This is correct. The hole represents the social foundation that must be met to avoid deprivation, including things like access to food, water, health care, education, housing, and other basic human needs. It marks the lower bound of the safe and just space.
Option c: 'Government expenditure' — This does not capture the meaning of the hole. Expenditure levels relate to policy choices, not the intrinsic indicator of deprivation that the Doughnut highlights.
Option d: 'Environmental sustainability' — This describes the outer boundary, the ecological ceiling, which is a different aspect of the model. The outer ring addresses planetary boundaries, not the hole that signals lack of social foundations.
To summarize, the hole is specifically about the absence of essential social foundations and unmet basic human needs, rather than growth, spending, or environmental limits.

252 EC301 Principles of Macroeconomics

According to the Doughnut Theory, the "hole" in the doughnut represents:

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