Full-flow is a possible flow condition for culverts under inlet control.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Question restatement: The statement given is, 'Full-flow is a possible flow condition for culverts under inlet control.'

Analysis of the situation: In culvert hydraulics, inlet control means that the flow rate through the culvert is governed primarily by the conditions at the culvert inlet (such as entrance geometry and energy losses there). Under inlet control, the discharge is limited by how easily water can enter the culvert, rather than by the culvert’s full-pipe capacity or outlet conditions. Therefore, the flow is typically less than the full-pipe capacity because the inlet constriction restricts the amount of water that can enter the culvert.

Option evaluation:
- The statement asserts that full-flow can occur under inlet control. Given the definition above, this is inconsistent: if inlet governs the flow, the culvert cannot simultaneously be delivering its full-pipe capacity (full-flow). Inlet control reduces discharge relative to full-flow conditions, so full-flow is not a possible outcome when inlet control is in effect. This makes the statement incorrect.

Additional considerations to separate common misconceptions:
- People sometimes conflate full-flow with the culvert’s maximum possible discharge when unconstrained by inlets or outlets. However, under inlet control the limiting factor is the inlet itself, not the downstream or the pipe capacity, so the actual discharge is typically less than full-flow.
- If one were under outlet control or if the culvert were fully unobstructed and the inlet not restrictive, then the flow could approach full-pipe capacity. But that scenario does not correspond to inlet control, which is specifically about inlet-limited discharge.

In summary, the assertion is incorrect because inlet control by definition restricts flow at the inlet, preventing full-flow conditions from occurring under that control regime.

ENGR3851_2025_S1_TON

Full-flow is a possible flow condition for culverts under inlet control.

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