Which of the following is included in Cost of Goods Sold calculation

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

When evaluating what goes into Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), we start from the basic formula and the components that affect inventory and costs.
Option a: Purchases and closing stock only. While purchases and closing stock are relevant to calculating COGS, this option omits opening stock, net purchases, and freight in, all of which are typically included in COGS calculation to reflect the cost of goods available for sale and the total cost incurred to bring items to a saleable condition.
Option b: Opening Stock, net purchases and closing stock only. This includes opening stock and closing stock, along with net purchases, but it excludes freight in. Freight in (transport costs paid to bring goods to the business) is a cost that should be included in the cost of purchases and therefore in COGS, so this option is incomplete.
Option c: Opening stock, net purchases, closing stock and freight in only. This choice covers opening stock (the value of stock at the beginning of the period), net purchases (purchases minus any purchase returns), closing stock (to be used in the calculation of cost of goods sold via the formula: COGS = Opening stock + Net purchases + Freight in − Closing stock), and freight in (additional costs to bring goods to the business). All four components are commonly included in COGS.
Option d: Opening stock, purchases, closing stock, purchases returns and freight out only. This option includes opening stock, closing stock, and freight out, plus purchases and purchases returns. However, freight out is a selling expense and not part of COGS, and the term “purchases” should be adjusted to net purchases (purchases minus returns) in standard COGS calculation. Thus this option misstates several elements.
In summary, the conventional COGS calculation relies on opening stock, net purchases (purchases minus returns), closing stock, and freight in to capture all costs necessary to bring goods to a saleable condition. Therefore, option c aligns with the typical COGS components, while the others omit or misclassify key elements.

FNDN Accounting 2025 STD O2

Which of the following is included in Cost of Goods Sold calculation

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