In experimental design, confounding is:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Topic: confounding in experimental design. 
Option 1: 'inability to determine if the difference in response is due to the treatment or other factors.' This captures the essence of confounding: when a third variable is mixed with the treatment effect, making it unclear whether observed differences come from the treatment itself or from other factors. It is the core problem that confounding creates in causal interpretation. 
Option 2: 'None of the above' would be incorrect because there is a well-defined concept of confounding in experimental design, and option 1 describes it accurately. Choosing this would ignore a fundamental principle of internal validity. 
Option 3: 'A type of experimental design' misclassifies confounding. Confounding is not a design; it is a threat to internal validity that can occur in various designs. It refers to a bias, not a specific design structure like randomized blocks, factorial, or parallel designs. 
Option 4: 'Artificial inflation of replicates' describes a practice related to replication or sample size, not confounding. Confounding concerns the attribution of effects to the treatment rather than to other variables; inflating replicates speaks to precision or power, not the misattribution issue central to confounding. 
In summary, option 1 correctly identifies confounding as the difficulty in distinguishing whether observed effects are due to the treatment or other factors, while the other options describe related but distinct ideas or mischaracterize what confounding is.

ENVX2001 (ND) End of Week 5 Quiz

In experimental design, confounding is:

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