According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what creates social change?

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Question recap: The prompt asks about Karl Marx's theoretical position on what creates social change, with four answer options to evaluate.
Option 1: 'Shared moral values' — While shared values can influence cohesion and norms, Marx emphasizes material conditions and class relations as the primary drivers of change, not merely shared morality. This makes this option an incomplete fit with Marxian theory.
Option 2: 'Development of technology' — Technological progress can affect social structure, but Marx situates the engine of social change in the mode of production and the resulting class struggle, not technology alone. Therefore this option captures only a partial aspect and is not the central mechanism in Marx's view.
Option 3: 'Conflict between social groups' — This aligns with Marx's core claim that history is driven by class antagonism arising from the capitalist mode of production, where conflicts between groups (e.g., the bourgeoisie and the proletariat) propel changes in social, political, and economic systems. This option directly reflects the central mechanism Marx emphasizes.
Option 4: 'Exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society' — While expansion or contact between societies can influence social dynamics, Marx's theory focuses on internal social relations, production relations, and class conflict within a society rather than exploration itself as the primary driver of change.
In sum, option 3 identifies the fundamental Marxist mechanism—conflict between social classes—as the primary catalyst for social change, whereas the other options describe factors that may influence or accompany change but do not capture the core Marxian argument about the motor of historical transformation.

Introduction to Sociology Exam #1

According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what creates social change?

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