Common resource goods are:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To approach this question, we first recall the classic classification of goods by rivalrousness and excludability in the public economics framework.
Option a: 'non-rival and excludable' describes club goods. They are non-rival (one person’s use doesn’t significantly reduce availability for others) but excludable (providers can prevent non-payers from using them). This is not a match for common resources.
Option b: 'rival and excludable' corresponds to private goods. They are rival (one person’s consumption reduces what remains for others) and excludable (owners can prevent others from consuming). This does not fit common resources.
Option c: 'non-rival and non-excludable' characterizes public goods. They are non-rival (one person’s use does not diminish another’s) and non-excludable (hard to prevent anyone from using). This neither aligns with common resources nor with the typical resource allocation concerns at stake.
Option d: 'rival and non-excludable' matches common-pool resources, which are rivalrous (consumption by one reduces availability for others) but non-excludable (difficult to exclude people from access). This combination creates the potential for overuse and the need for governance to prevent the tragedy of the commons. 
In summary, each option contrasts with the others in terms of how consumption and access are limited, and option d uniquely fits the defining traits of common resource goods.

Common resource goods are:

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