According to Remaking Chinese America, many Chinese American families were “transnational” during the exclusion because

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Question restatement: According to Remaking Chinese America, many Chinese American families were “transnational” during the exclusion because

Option 1: It was extremely difficult for Chinese women to join their husbands in the United States during the exclusion. 
Why this is plausible: The Chinese Exclusion era created severe barriers to family reunification, especially for women, who faced legal and logistical obstacles to entering the U.S. If women could not join their husbands, families remained separated across borders, fostering lasting transnational ties as they maintained connections and economic ties from abroad.

Option 2: They travel constantly across the Pacific. 
Why this is unlikely: Constant cross-Pacific travel would have been expensive, risky, and heavily regulated; moreover, the idea of continuous, unbroken travel does not align with how families maintained transnational links during exclusion, which was more about sustained cross-border ties rather than perpetual movement.

Option 3: Most Chinese parents could not afford to accompany their children to the U.S. to study. 
Why this is insufficient: Although cost barriers existed for some students, the core transnational pattern during exclusion centers on family separation and ongoing cross-border relationships, not solely on the economics of accompanying children for study. This option also frames the issue as a schooling funding problem rather than family reunification under exclusion laws.

Option 4: Most Chinese families were engaged in transnational businesses. 
Why this is not the defining factor here: While some families did engage in transnational commerce, the term transnational in this historical context emphasizes the sustained connections and mobility of people (especially the impediments to reunification) across borders, rather than a primary characterization by business activity. This option overstates the economic dimension without addressing the exclusion-era restrictions on family formation.

Overall, the strongest link to the concept of transnational families during exclusion is the difficulty for women to join their husbands in the U.S., which perpetuated cross-border family ties despite legal barriers. This aligns with Remaking Chinese America’s discussion of how exclusion shaped family structures and long-distance connections.

AS AM 1 W25 Homework III

According to Remaking Chinese America, many Chinese American families were “transnational” during the exclusion because

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