Question18 Choose the best answer options from the drop-down boxes to complete the following statement. Partial marks will be awarded for partially correct responses. The energy for ATP synthesis is generated by the movement of protons from the [select: , intermembrane, matrix, phospholipid], establishing a(n) [select: , proton, electrical potential, sodium ion] gradient. ResetMaximum marks: 1 Flag question undefined

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To approach this question, first identify the biological context: ATP synthesis in mitochondria is driven by the proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Option set for the first blank:
- intermembrane: Correct choice. Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a higher proton concentration outside the matrix. Choosing this reflects the direction of proton movement that powers ATP synthase when protons flow back into the matrix.
- matrix: Incorrect. Stating movement from the matrix would imply protons are moving into the matrix, which would dissipate the gradient rather than create it.
- phospholipid: Incorrect. Phospholipids are components of membranes, not a compartment from which protons are pumped in this context.
- (empty option): Not informative; leaves the direction unspecified.

Option set for the second blank:
- proton: Correct. The gradient created is a proton gradient (a difference in proton concentration across the membrane). This is a key component of the proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis.
- electrical potential: This is also part of the proton motive force, representing the voltage across the membrane, but the prompt asks for the gradient type in this context, which is most directly described as a proton gradient. If chosen, it would describe another aspect of the same driving force, but the typical wording emphasizes the proton gradient.
- sodium ion: Incorrect. Sodium ion gradients are not the primary driver of ATP synthesis in mitochondria; they are more relevant in certain other systems (like Na+/K+ ATPase or bacterial flagellar motors) but not the classic mitochondrial ATP synthase mechanism.

Putting it together with the mechanisms in mind:
- The energy for ATP synthesis is generated by the movement of protons from the intermembrane space back into the matrix, which establishes a proton gradient (part of the broader proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane). The selection of intermembrane for the first blank correctly identifies the compartment from which protons originate, and selecting proton for the second blank correctly names the gradient that powers ATP synthase.

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