Question at position 40 A case-control study is most useful for which of the following?Establishing causal ordering (that the "cause" precedes the "effect")Establishing that an individual-level association exists between the potential "cause" and the potential "outcome" or disease Two of the theseEstablishing that altering the "cause" alters the "effect"

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Understanding the question requires evaluating what a case-control study can best establish and what its limitations are.
Option 1: Establishing causal ordering (that the "cause" precedes the "effect"). Case-control studies select individuals based on disease status and look back to exposures. They are retrospective and do not reliably establish temporal sequence between exposure and disease, so this statement is not the primary strength of case-control designs.
Option 2: Establishing that an individual-level association exists between the potential "cause" and the potential "outcome" or disease. Case-control studies are well suited to identify associations between exposures and diseases at the individual level, often quantified by odds ratios. This captures a core utility of case-control designs, making this option true.
Option 3: Two of these. Since option 1 is not typically a strength of case-control studies, this option would be incorrect because it asserts two true statements when only one is truly applicable.
Option 4: Establishing that altering the "cause" alters the "effect". This describes a causal inference or intervention study (e.g., randomized trials). Case-control studies cannot demonstrate that changing exposure would change outcome; they are observational and retrospective, not experimental, so this is not a strength of case-control design.
In summary, the question asks you to identify which statement best reflects the utility of a case-control study. The option describing the existence of an individual-level association between exposure and disease aligns with the fundamental use of case-control designs, while the other statements refer to causal sequencing or causal impact, which are not their primary strengths.

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