If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from:

Question

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When examining how an observed association might translate into the potential impact of a preventive program, we evaluate which measure directly reflects how much disease could be prevented by removing a risk factor.
Option 1: risk ratio. The risk ratio compares the relative risk between exposed and unexposed groups but does not quantify the absolute amount of disease that could be prevented by a program. It tells you how many times more (or less) likely disease is in the exposed group, not the absolute impact of intervention.
Option 2: higher life expectancy. This is a broad outcome and not a direct measure derived from a single observed association. It does not quantify the specific impact of removing a risk factor or implementing a prevention program based on the association.
Option 3: attributable risk. Attributable risk (risk difference) represents the absolute excess risk in the exposed group that could be prevented if the exposure were eliminated. This aligns with estimating the program’s potential impact, assuming a causal link, because it quantifies the prevention in absolute terms.
Option 4: prevalence rates. Prevalence reflects how widespread disease is at a point in time or over a period, but it does not directly quantify the impact of removing an exposure or the effect of a preventive program.
Option 5: all of the above. Given the explanations above, not all listed measures provide the direct estimate of program impact; several options do not answer the question about potential preventive impact.

PUBHEPI 2410 AU2025 (1751) Quiz Module 10: Evaluating Epidemiologic Evidence

If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from:

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