As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because:

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As Durkheim discussed in the context of increasing industrialization, several mechanisms contribute to a greater risk of anomie, so evaluating each choice helps connect the theory to its full, composite meaning.
Option 1: 'Specialization of labor lead to alienation.' This aligns with Durkheim's idea that intense division of labor can erode the sense of solidarity and connectedness, making individuals feel like cogs in a machine rather than integral members of a social whole. Such alienation is a route to anomie because personal meanings and norms become decoupled from shared social norms.
Option 2: 'Collective norms are weakened.' Durkheim argued that in rapid social change, the shared norms that regulate behavior can become diffuse or inconsistent, weakening the moral authority of the collective. When norms are not clear or widely shared, individuals may experience normlessness, a hallmark of anomie.
Option 3: 'All of these'—this option asserts that multiple interrelated processes (including specialization-induced alienation and weakened collective norms) operate simultaneously to raise anomie risk. Given Durkheim’s holistic view, it makes sense that more than one structural change contributes to a breakdown of social regulation during industrialization.
Option 4: 'Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness.' The collective consciousness refers to the shared beliefs, values, and norms that bind a society together. Industrial upheaval can erode this cohesive force, leaving individuals less rooted in a common moral order, which feeds anomie.
Each of the first, second, and fourth statements captures a facet of Durkheim’s argument about how rapid modernization disrupts social integration. When combined, they depict a broader picture of the normative vacuum that can accompany industrial growth.
In sum, the reasoning behind Durkheim’s view is that fragmentation of roles (specialization), erosion of shared norms, and weakening of collective consciousness all contribute to heightened anomie, so the option that encompasses all these effects is consistent with his theory.

SMC 2025 Smr - SOCIOL 1 (1561,1562) - Introduction to Sociology (O) Chapter 4 Quiz: Society and Social Interaction

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because:

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