Which of the following describes how Vygotsky conceptualises cognitive development?

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Let’s break down what each option claims about Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development. 
Option A asserts that cognitive development requires scaffolding from a more knowledgeable other. In Vygotsky’s theory, scaffolding is a core mechanism by which a child’s learning is supported—an expert or more capable peer helps guide the learner to perform tasks beyond their independent ability. This aligns with the concept of guided participation and the idea that learning precedes development in important ways. 
Option B states that cognitive development occurs during interactions within a zone of proximal development. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is precisely the space between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with help. Vygotsky argued that development progresses through social interactions that operate within the ZPD, with help that gradually fades as competence increases. 
Option C combines A and B. Since both scaffolding and the ZPD are central to Vygotsky’s account—scaffolding is the supportive mechanism used within ZPD to move a learner forward—the combination of these elements captures the theory more fully than either alone. 
Option D says neither A nor B are correct. This conflicts with the core of Vygotsky’s proposition, which emphasizes social interaction, guidance, and the supported progress within the ZPD, so this option is inconsistent with the theory. 
To evaluate these choices, consider that Vygotsky did not claim that development happens in isolation or only through independent struggle; rather, social mediation and guided activity are essential. The emphasis on the ZPD inherently involves interaction with more knowledgeable others who provide scaffolding. Therefore, options that reference scaffolding and ZPD (A and B) are consistent with the theory, while the claim that neither or only one of them applies (D and, separately, the idea that only one element is correct) fails to capture the full picture. 
In summary, recognizing both scaffolding and ZPD as intertwined aspects of Vygotsky’s view provides a coherent understanding of how cognitive development unfolds through social, guided interaction and gradual release of responsibility.

PSYC20008_2025_SM1 Exam: Developmental Psychology (PSYC20008_2025_SM1)- Requires Respondus LockDown Browser

Which of the following describes how Vygotsky conceptualises cognitive development?

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