Question at position 22 Which species has the smallest bond angle? ClO3– ClO2– ClO2+ ClO4–

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Question at position 22 asks: Which species has the smallest bond angle? ClO3–, ClO2–, ClO2+, ClO4–

Option 1: ClO3–. This species has a central chlorine with three oxygens bonded to it and typically one lone pair, giving a roughly tetrahedral electron-domain geometry (four regions) but a trigonal pyramidal molecular shape. Bond angles are close to but slightly less than 109.5°, around the 107° range due to the lone pair repulsion.

Option 2: ClO2–. Here the central chlorine is bonded to two oxygens and accompanied by two lone pairs, resulting in four electron-domain regions as well. The presence of two lone pairs compresses the bond angles more than in the other species, typically bringing the Cl–O–Cl angles down to a value around 104–105°, which is smaller than the angles in the other ions listed.

Option 3: ClO2+. This cation has two oxygens bonded to chlorine but with only one lone pair around the chlorine (three electron domains for bonding and one lone pair). The geometry would be bent, but with less lone-pair repulsion than ClO2–, the bond angle would generally be larger than in ClO2–, closer to around 120° or somewhat less depending on exact bonding, yet still not as small as when two lone pairs are present.

Option 4: ClO4–. This species has four oxygens bonded to chlorine and no lone pairs on chlorine, giving a classic tetrahedral arrangement with bond angles of about 109.5°, the largest among the four options.

To identify the smallest bond angle, we compare the factors that reduce angle most: lone-pair repulsion tends to decrease bond angles the most. ClO2– has two lone pairs on chlorine, which strongly compresses the O–Cl–O angles relative to the other species that have one or zero lone pairs. Consequently, ClO2– exhibits the smallest bond angle among the given options, while ClO4– remains near tetrahedral, and ClO3– and ClO2+ fall between these values with fewer lone pairs.

Question at position 22 Which species has the smallest bond angle? ClO3– ClO2– ClO2+ ClO4–

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