According to Aristotle, courage is the first of human qualities because

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When considering Aristotle's view of virtue ethics, the prompt asks why courage is identified as the first of human qualities. 
Option 1: 'it is inherited at birth' This claim does not align with Aristotle’s framework, which emphasizes cultivation and habituation of virtues through rational activity rather than a fixed inherited trait at birth. 
Option 2: 'it is the quality which guarantees the others' This is the core idea: courage underpins and supports the development and exercise of all other virtues, since facing difficulties rightly enables one to practice temperance, justice, and wisdom. Without courage, other virtues may fail to be expressed in the face of fear or risk. 
Option 3: 'it is the easiest to measure' Aristotle does not claim that courage is the easiest to measure; measurement of virtue is not emphasized as a simple task, and the claim ignores his emphasis on habituation and rational discernment. 
Option 4: 'it is relatively permanent and stable over one’s lifetime' While Aristotle does discuss virtue as a stable character trait to some extent, this option misstates the ordering principle and does not capture the justificatory role of courage as the foundational virtue that grounds the rest. 
In summary, the most accurate interpretation of Aristotle’s claim is that courage serves as the foundational quality that guarantees or enables the proper exercise of all other virtues, making option two the correct choice. The other options either misstate Aristotle’s account of the origins, measurability, or stability of virtues, or misrepresent the hierarchical function of courage within his ethical system.

MNGT2005 (T2 2025 PSB) Mid Semester Quiz - Group B (410pm - 5:15pm SGT)

According to Aristotle, courage is the first of human qualities because

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