Merge conflicts occur when:

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When considering merge behavior in Git, several situations can arise during the integration of branches.
Option 1: 'Two branches modify the same lines of code' — this is precisely where a merge conflict happens. If both branches change the same region of a file in incompatible ways, Git cannot automatically reconcile them and requires human intervention to decide which changes to keep. This option correctly identifies the conflict scenario.
Option 2: 'GitHub is offline' — while service outages can prevent pushing or pulling, they do not by themselves create a merge conflict in the repository. A merge conflict is about overlapping changes in the same code region, not connectivity status. Therefore this statement is not describing a conflict condition.
Option 3: 'A branch has no commits' — a branch with no commits cannot introduce conflicting changes with another branch. In practice, such a branch would be effectively identical to its base at the moment of creation, so conflicts do not arise from this situation. This option does not reflect a merge conflict scenario.
Option 4: 'Developers edit unrelated files' — when changes are made in separate files or in non-overlapping parts of the codebase, Git can merge automatically without conflicts. This option describes a peaceful merge scenario, not a conflict condition.

CPSC-491-01 Software Engineering (Fall 2025) CPSC 491 Exam 2

Merge conflicts occur when:

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