Dr. Ripudaman Singh and Dr. Dheera Kalota study the distribution of heat across Ludhiana City, Punjab, India. Ludhiana City is the largest metropolitan area in Punjab with over 1.5 million people.

Examine the heat map of Ludhiana City produced by Drs. Singh and Kalota. The irregular black boundary shows the edges of Ludhiana City with major roads shown with red lines. Outside the city limits is less developed land. Temperatures across the area is depicted from blue to red with deeper red indicating hotter temperatures and deeper blue indicating cooler temperatures.

Select the option that correctly describes this figure.

From: Singh, R., Kalota, D. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 47, 1567–1576 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-019-00994-8

Question

Dr. Ripudaman Singh and Dr. Dheera Kalota study the distribution of heat across Ludhiana City, Punjab, India. Ludhiana City is the largest metropolitan area in Punjab with over 1.5 million people.

Examine the heat map of Ludhiana City produced by Drs. Singh and Kalota. The irregular black boundary shows the edges of Ludhiana City with major roads shown with red lines. Outside the city limits is less developed land. Temperatures across the area is depicted from blue to red with deeper red indicating hotter temperatures and deeper blue indicating cooler temperatures.

Select the option that correctly describes this figure.

From: Singh, R., Kalota, D.  J Indian Soc Remote Sens 47, 1567–1576 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-019-00994-8

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks you to interpret the heat map of Ludhiana City and select the statement that correctly describes the figure.

Option 1: This map indicates that Ludhiana City does not experience an urban heat island. This is unlikely given that many urban heat maps show higher temperatures in densely built-up areas due to heat absorption by concrete and limited vegetation. If the map highlights the city with comparatively hotter colors, it would actually suggest the opposite of this statement, indicating some urban heating is present.

Option 2: This map indicates that heat is evenly distributed geographically. The color scale blue to red representing cooler to hotter temperatures implies spatial variation. If the map showed uniform coloration across the area, that would support an even distribution, but typically urban cores exhibit higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. Since the description mentions a boundary and roads with color-coded temperatures, a uniform pattern is unlikely, making this option conceptually inaccurate.

Option 3: This map indicates that Ludhiana City experiences an urban heat island effect. An urban heat island (UHI) effect is characterized by higher temperatures in the built-up, densely populated city center compared to surrounding rural or less-developed areas. The heat map’s redder tones in the urban area relative to cooler tones outside the city boundary align with the expected UHI pattern, where impervious surfaces and reduced vegetation contribute to localized overheating.

In summary, option 1 misreads the likely presence of hotter temperatures in the city, option 2 ignores the evident spatial temperature variation implied by the map, and option 3 aligns with the standard understanding of urban heat islands observed in metropolitan regions.

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